Common Falsification Of Fixed Assets And Accumulated Depreciation

(1) the division of fixed assets and low value consumable goods does not meet the required standards.

According to the financial system, the fixed assets of an enterprise are made up of houses, buildings, machines, equipment, utensils, tools, etc. that are used for more than one year, and those that do not belong to the main equipment, with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and whose useful life for more than two years, also constitute a fixed asset. Those who do not possess the above conditions should be listed as low value and easily consumed products.

There are problems in the work of dividing the fixed assets and the low value and consumable products according to the above principles and standards.

Some enterprises list articles belonging to low value and easily consumed goods as fixed assets, and some enterprises list articles belonging to fixed assets as low value and easily consumed products.

The confusion in accounting is unclear.

Also caused the value of the two in the production and operation costs and expenses pfer formation and level of non-compliance, unreasonable.

In order to increase the cost and expenses, the enterprise will divide the items that conform to the fixed assets into low value and easily consumable items, and amortize them or amortize them at a time. In order to reduce the current cost and expenses, the articles that meet the standards of low value and consumable goods shall be allocated to fixed assets for management and their amortization speed shall be suspended.

This confusion standard will also lead to the change of asset structure, which will make the relationship between fixed assets and inventory take place. This will make accounting information wrong and directly affect the decision of investors.

(two) the classification of fixed assets is incorrect.

Fixed assets can be divided into seven categories.

(1) fixed assets for production and operation;

(2) fixed assets for non production and operation;

(3) leasing fixed assets;

4. There is no need to use fixed assets.

(5) not using fixed assets;

Land;

Finance is leased into fixed assets.

Enterprises can classify the fixed assets according to the actual situation, and the general enterprises are classified according to their economic uses and usage.

Whether the classification of fixed assets is correct or not is mainly related to the depreciation and depreciation of the fixed assets, which directly affect the calculation of the cost and cost of the enterprise, the determination of the financial results and the basis of calculating the income tax.

(1) incorporating fixed assets into fixed assets that are not used in production and operation will increase depreciation expense in the current period and increase production costs, which will lead to changes in the internal structure of fixed assets, increase the utilization rate of fixed assets, give false impression to the users of information, and make managers make wrong decisions.

(2) the fixed assets that are leased into the business leasing mode will be mixed with the fixed assets leased into financial leasing mode, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing or increasing depreciation expenses and artificially adjusting the financial results.

In accordance with the relevant regulations, the fixed assets rented by enterprises in the form of operating lease shall not be depreciated, and the leased enterprises shall be depreciated. The fixed assets that are leased into financial leases shall be depreciated according to the regulations.

If the depreciation of fixed assets leased into useful business leases is done, the result can only be artificially increased depreciation costs and increased production costs or period costs during the current period.

If the fixed assets leased by financial leasing are not depreciated, the result is to falsely reduce production costs or period costs.

These two results are all man-made disturbances to corporate financial results and taxes.

(3) there is an error in the classification of land.

Compensation for land acquisition related to the value of buildings and buildings shall not be included in the value of buildings or buildings.

When it is used as a "land" account, it reduces the original value of fixed assets and leads to confusion in the classification of fixed assets.

(three) the valuation of fixed assets is not allowed.

There are seven ways of pricing assets according to their sources:

(1) purchase of fixed assets;

(2) valuation of self built fixed assets;

3. The valuation of fixed assets pferred by other units;

(4) valuation of fixed assets by finance;

(5) valuation of reconstruction and expansion of fixed assets;

Accept the valuation of donated fixed assets;

Inventory valuation of fixed assets.

Enterprises have problems in valuation methods and value structure and arbitrary changes in book value of fixed assets.

(1) valuation method.

The enterprise financial system stipulates that the newly added fixed assets with original value should be accounted for according to the original value; those who cannot determine the original value will be accounted for according to the full value of the replacement, while the book value is mainly used to calculate the surplus or loss of fixed assets.

Some enterprises do not adopt the correct valuation method in accordance with the above provisions.

This will affect other costs in the current period, make errors in the depreciation period of fixed assets, make accounting information untrue, and ultimately mislead people's decision-making behavior.

(2) value structure

The problem of the value structure of fixed assets is mainly the scope of arbitrary changes in the value of fixed assets.

Some enterprises do not stipulate that when purchasing fixed assets, they will have nothing to do with the purchase of the fixed assets, or have certain connections but should not be included in the value of fixed assets, all of which are the value components of fixed assets.

The value of fixed assets is diminished.

(3) book value of arbitrary changes in fixed assets.

Some enterprises arbitrarily adjust or change the book value of fixed assets that have been accounted for regardless of state regulations.

For example, the fixed assets of the operating lease have been pferred, but the rental units should still manage the fixed assets, and the accounting department should account for them.

However, the fixed assets are no longer used by the enterprise because of the fixed assets, and the fixed assets will be cut off from the accounts at will.

The accounting information is distorted, which affects the correct judgement of the management authorities and the users of external accounting information.

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In order to get the rebate, the purchasing personnel collusion with the seller to purchase the goods with high quality and high price, resulting in the improper loss of the enterprise.

Such as: a company procurement for the unit purchase 10 computers, the configuration of the computer market price of 6000 yuan, the seller for profit purposes, agreed to give the buyer a rebate of 6%, and deliberately raise the price, each 6500 yuan buyer agreed to deal.

The unit pays 65000 yuan, the purchaser has to get 3900 yuan rebate and put it in his own pocket.

2. Miscellaneous charges for fixed assets are mixed with tour visit fees.

The original value of fixed assets includes purchase price, packing fee, insurance premium, pportation cost, installation cost and tax paid.

Some enterprises will not belong to the expenditure that constitutes the value of fixed assets, they are also recorded in the value of fixed assets, and the value of fixed assets is increased.

Such as: the enterprise buys Jida automobile 230 thousand yuan, when the price is calculated, the cost of entertaining gifts, visiting mountains and playing water is all included in the miscellaneous expenses of fixed assets, and the expenses are increased.

When purchasing the fixed assets that need to be installed, the purchase price, the miscellaneous charges and the installation fees of the fixed assets shall be included in the construction projects first. When the equipment is installed and delivered, the value of the fixed assets shall be counted.

The incidental expenses of fixed assets that do not need to be installed are included in the installation cost of fixed assets that need to be installed, thus artificially adjusting the value of fixed assets.

Such as: a machinery factory bought a truck worth 150000 yuan, and miscellaneous charges 3000 yuan.

At the same time, the factory purchased another machine tool, worth 100000 yuan, with a miscellaneous charge of 2000 yuan.

The machine needs to be installed.

But a certain machinery factory implements the pportation team separately to settle accounts.

In order to take care of the interests of the pport team, the enterprise charges the miscellaneous charges of vehicles into the installation cost of the production equipment, making the original purchase price of 102000 yuan to 105000 yuan, and artificially adjusts the original price of the purchased machine tool and freight car.

The fixed assets invested by other units shall be calculated according to the value stipulated in the contract or the agreement or the value that has been assessed and confirmed. Because the relevant personnel of the enterprise or investment unit accept bribes, they privately decide to raise or lower the value of the fixed assets.

For example, A and B cooperate to set up C company. B accepts bribes and agrees to make false invoices for the physical investment that does not exist. At the same time, the company accepts the original value of 200000 yuan that has been used by A company, has fixed depreciation assets of 15000 yuan and net worth 135000 yuan, and has 150000 yuan revaluation value as the capital of investment.

The rental income of the fixed assets belongs to the rental income. It should be calculated through the "other business income" subjects. The corresponding cost should be accounted for in other business expenditure subjects. Some enterprises will directly enter the "other payable" subjects in order to embezzle the rental income of fixed assets and installment accounts.

For example, the rental income of enterprises is 200000 yuan, which should be included in other business income, but enterprises have hung up the "other payable" subjects.

The annual fixed assets depreciation of 80000 yuan and other expenses of 18000 yuan will be included in the "management costs".

And not through "other business expenses" accounting.

The property tax, business tax and surcharge that the enterprise should pay will be all fled, which will also affect the profit and the income tax.

The financial system stipulates that the residual value and variable price income of the scrapped fixed assets should be reduced and cleaned up, and the enterprises will be diverted for the purpose of discarding the variable price income of the discarded fixed assets, and the recovered funds will be deposited in the "small coffers" of the enterprises.

Such as: a factory approved by the relevant departments, scrapped one device, the sale of the recovery price of 50000 yuan, should be washed down expenditure.

In order to obtain benefits for employees, enterprises deposit their income as "small Treasuries" and deposit them in the bank in their personal names.

The financial system stipulates that the cost of fixed assets recovery should be reduced and the net income shall be treated as non operating income.

In order to control profits, the net income of fixed assets is still hung in the clearing account of fixed assets and is carried forward for the next year.

Such as: a factory sold a machine tool, the original value of 50000 yuan, has depreciated 20000 yuan, sales income 60000 yuan, net income 30000 yuan.

It should be recorded in the out of business revenue, but in order to adjust profits, the enterprise will hang up 30000 yuan in the "fixed assets liquidation" account and carry it forward next year.

This form of fraud directly affects the extraction of earnings tax and surplus reserves.

The interest on enterprise project loan shall be included in the construction cost before completion of the settlement, and shall be included in the "financial cost" after the settlement.

However, in order to adjust profits, the enterprise shall account for the cost of building fixed assets and calculate the financial cost before the completion of settlement.

For example, in April 92, the company borrowed 300000 yuan for the purchase of engineering equipment, with an annual interest rate of 5%, with a term of 3 years and an annual interest rate. The installation of the equipment is expected to be completed within two years.

In April 1994, when the installation was completed and the procedures for delivery were applied, it was found that the enterprise intentionally recorded the interest rate of 300000 * 5%=15000 yuan in two years, which was recorded in the "financial expenses". The cost was increased indirectly, and the profit was reduced indirectly, resulting in less tax paid by the unit and less surplus surplus.

In the process of trial operation of enterprise construction projects, the cost of construction projects should be reduced after deducting tax.

However, in order to adjust profits, enterprises will pfer their income and settle accounts in other payments.

For example, the expenses of the enterprise in the trial run are 20000 yuan, and the income obtained during the operation is 30000 yuan. The enterprise intends to directly charge the income in the "other payable" subjects and pfer it to the next year's account at the end of the year.

The financial system of enterprises stipulates that the value of fixed assets leased into finance includes fixed asset prices and pportation costs, insurance premiums, installation and commissioning fees determined in accordance with the lease agreement or contract.

It does not include expenditures for accounts that should be included in "financial expenses".

Some enterprises in the face of financial institutions, in order to increase profits, they should be included in the "financial expenses" account expenditures, accounting for the value of fixed assets.

For example, the operating efficiency of the enterprise is not good, the finance has been rented into the whole set of equipment, and the installment payment method has been adopted.

In the payment of the finance lease fee, the value of fixed assets determined by the lease contract or agreement is added, plus the pportation cost, insurance premium, installation and commissioning fee, etc.

However, the total cost of rental charges and interest payments after the use of the equipment is 90 thousand yuan, which is recorded in the original price of the fixed assets, which leads to a decrease in expenses and an increase in profits.

Only by making profits can enterprises guarantee their reputation in financial institutions.

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The enterprise will carry out the equipment renewal, and turn the old equipment out of the way into the self owned enterprise without charge, and the amount of the liquidation loss will be included in the profit and loss of that year.

Such as: the enterprise pfers the old equipment to the self operated enterprise, the original price is 500000 yuan, has already raised the depreciation 200000 yuan, the enterprise intentionally reduces the profit to the original value directly enters the fixed assets to clean up the account.

12, fixed assets profit and loss, no accounting treatment.

In order to adjust profits, enterprises do not deal with the inventory surplus and inventory losses of fixed assets.

For example, the economic efficiency of enterprises is not good. In order to increase profits, fixed assets of inventory losses are not accounted for, accounting for "extra operating expenses" is made, so as to increase profits in the current period.

The depreciation method of fixed assets usually adopts the average age method.

With the approval of the relevant departments, the "quick sum method" and "double balance method" can be adopted.

But in order to adjust the cost profit arbitrarily, the company will change the depreciation method of the fixed assets of the company at will.

For example, an enterprise bought a fixed asset in January 1999. Its original value was 150000 yuan. In December, 15000 yuan had been depreciated for third years without approval from the financial department. The enterprise used depreciation by double declining balance method, and depreciated more than 150000 yuan.

Once the depreciation rate of fixed assets is determined, it will not be allowed to change at will.

However, in order to adjust the profit of a certain year, the enterprise will change the depreciation rate of fixed assets arbitrarily, or more or less depreciation.

For example, enterprises need to make a surplus in order to make loans. The enterprises will not reduce the depreciation rate without authorization from the competent financial department. The depreciation rate will be changed from 8% to 5%, and the depreciation rate will be 120000 yuan.

The financial system stipulates that the increase in fixed assets will be depreciated at the beginning of next month.

In order to increase profits, some enterprises intend to make mention of depreciation.

For example, when a construction project is completed, it has been delivered, and the final accounts should be processed in time. Depreciation will be made from the beginning of the next month. But in order to increase profits, the enterprise intends to withdraw the depreciation. It will be delivered to the staff quarters in May. However, the final accounts will be completed at the end of the year, with less than 6 months' depreciation.

According to the financial system, excluding depreciation of special fixed assets except houses and buildings, enterprises should make depreciation for fixed assets other than houses and buildings in order to adjust profits.

For example, the original value of machinery purchased by an enterprise is 400000 yuan, and the annual depreciation rate is 5%.. Although the equipment that purchased 50000 yuan worth of money was not used, the depreciation rate was 2500 yuan more in accordance with the depreciation rate in order to increase the cost.

In order to inflate profits and reduce costs, enterprises should not depreciate the fixed assets that are suspended or reduced in the month.

For example, if the company has a slight surplus in the report, it will make a profit of 50000 yuan if it does not mention depreciation in the month.

In order to regulate costs and profits, enterprises often violate the fixed assets depreciation. For example, in the month, new fixed assets should be depreciated in the beginning of next month, and depreciation will be made at the beginning of the month. Depreciation of the fixed assets after being scrapped in advance will no longer be depreciated.

For example, in order to reduce profits, the fixed assets in March were depreciated by 130 thousand yuan in the month.

Enterprises will not need to sell equipment in May. After selling, they will make a depreciation of 35000 yuan for 12 months.

In order to control the amount of profits realized in the current year, the enterprises use advance projects to report the final accounts in advance, pfer them to fixed assets ahead of time, and advance the depreciation of fixed assets in advance, so as to increase profits and increase profits.

For example, a subsidiary company of a Real Estate Company has not completed its construction project, and has made use of the method of early reporting the final accounts to increase the depreciation cost by 50000 yuan, raise the cost and reduce the profit, and has withheld a profit of 50000 yuan when it handed in profits.